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[Music]

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[Applause]

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hello everyone my name is Peter I'm here

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to represent my colleagues both at JPL

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and at Goddard and at NASA Ames as

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Cynthia mentioned in an introduction for

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this particular mission opportunity the

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it's really important we're gonna

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succeed in this endeavor we really need

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to have integrated payloads to really

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work well together so we actually took

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upon ourselves before the IC to call to

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actually begin that process of

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integrating together what we believe is

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the most powerful instrument sweep for

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addressing the organic compositional

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measurements that are detailed in the

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science definition team report so I'm

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going to talk today I'm gonna give you a

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motivation for how that process went and

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then I'm going to tell you a focus on

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the stuff that we've done in JPL and

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here you've probably see if you're in

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this session presumably if you looked at

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this before but you can you can think of

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the organic chemical measurements as

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this means for looking at bio signatures

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and ordered structures and the report

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really prioritizes the first two and

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deep prioritizes isotopic measurements

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because you can get false positives in

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that way so right away emilie suite was

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designed to really focus on these two

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things and I'm gonna make some very

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simple points that may be self-evident

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but maybe not so the first thing that

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this idea of looking for bio signatures

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embedded in populations so again you can

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only identify these things if you look

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at an aggregate sum of a population of

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things and then compare one thing with

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respect to another

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so the sort of canonical distribution or

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the mention of this came a long time ago

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love glock wrote about this is not new

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and he always shows this distribution of

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alkanes abiotic ones on the top

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biotic ones on the bottom and again if

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you just measure any one of those you

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wouldn't be able to identify this bio

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signature another example you've heard

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much about I'm sure it is amino acid so

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again there's all there's other

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distributions of amino acids not if you

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just measure them it doesn't tell you

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really anything whether or not there's

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bio signature but there's these three

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different ones what types are present

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their relative abundances and of course

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their chirality so if you're gonna

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measure those distributions you need to

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do separation science that's the first

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first take home measure if you really

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want to address the science and the best

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possible way written in the Overlander

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report you have to do this thing where

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you take a sample you separate it apart

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and then you do these type of analyses

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so so you can do that if you take the

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sample there's you can't use solids

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because things are locked in place in a

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solid but you get to pick liquids gases

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or subcritical fluids and if you want to

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do that so that's an intrinsic thing

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that's part of the MLA suite second if

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you want to look for complexity the

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second type of complexity the complexity

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that's embedded in an individual

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molecule here are some examples of ones

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on earth we don't want to be limited to

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just look at molecules we know exists on

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earth and trust your biology you want to

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look at things like this and other

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complex ones the only really truly

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general-purpose method to do that as

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mass spectrometry so right away the

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first order you have to do those both of

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those things have to be included in your

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suite finally important point is they

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have to be very very sensitive so the

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measurement requirements here you know

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you you you got to be able to detect

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amino acids in in water floating around

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the Earth's South Pole or you shouldn't

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you shouldn't try this on another world

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especially not your so it needs to be

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very sensitive way to transfer your

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molecules into your detector system and

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then another thing that you can't kind

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of get lost if you just read the

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requirements like that is you really

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need to do this with a whole bunch of

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different molecules that are actually

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quite different and the differences

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between those molecules really inform

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how you build the instrument so of

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course we're looking going to an ocean

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world it's got water but so because

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things can dissolve in water but not

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everything dissolves in water if I go

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jump in a swimming pool I don't dissolve

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completely and disappear there's parts

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of me that are not dissolvable in water

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and they're also very interesting and

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those things of course are described in

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the ladder of life detection will be a

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really interesting rollout this evening

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that we should I encourage you all to 10

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I'm really looking forward to myself and

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there's a variety of different ways that

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you can you can represent all these

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different types of molecules and their

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information content so to first order

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then let you get these four things you

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know you if you want to do this right

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you got to have analyzed a whole bunch

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of different molecules with different

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properties you got to do separation

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science on multiple fluid phases you got

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to do mass spec and it has to be really

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sensitive so let's talk about now let's

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you're gonna pick something so here's

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the way that we've come up of

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representing all the different sort of

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molecular animals in the zoo okay you

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can we move chosen these two axes it

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gets a nice scatter plot

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of different properties and all of the

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things you find in the ladder of life

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the axes you see on the bottom here and

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the x axis is solubility in water so

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things insoluble on the Left highly

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soluble on the right on your y-axis you

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see a heat of vaporization that's how

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much energy you have to put into the

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system to cause it to vaporize and if

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you want to probe that really well so we

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went there's a lot of instrument

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concepts being worked at at JPL and at

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Goddard and it aims and we had all kinds

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of things to consider and we just wanted

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to maximize the coverage so what we

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wanted to do first of all this is a very

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risky mission we're gonna choose the

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most mature techniques that can address

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and do the maximum coverage of this

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phase space so if you're gonna use a gas

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phase thing your molecules that you're

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gonna put on here they have to survive

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that heat you got to get them in the gas

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phase without destroying them so this is

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what we've chosen the techniques if you

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went to genogram roads planet of the

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plenary session this morning these are

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the techniques that were used to

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discover all the organic molecules you

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talked about on Mars okay these are this

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is a core part of the instrument with

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the same people building the same

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heritage hardware to deliver that

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science if you want to analyze things as

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a liquid the other stuff here that's

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extremely interesting of course then you

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have to be able to do it does all these

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things that a liquid and you do

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separation science that way so we've

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selected these other techniques to

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address all these different things and

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we're going to do liquid based

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separation science with a bunch of

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different detectors which I'm going to

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tell you about in the morning so we

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choose the highest TRL hardware with the

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lowest development risk risk there's

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obviously things there super exciting

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that it's but it's really hard to

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imagine actually implementing them on a

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mission and they have to be able to

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achieve this science so NASA Goddard is

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going to be delivering the mass

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spectrometry and most critically the

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mission experience these are the people

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that have actually done separation

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science and discovered organics and

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other planetary surfaces here at our

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team at JPL is going to do the liquid

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extraction so taking the sample getting

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into the liquid phase from whatever

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mineral our liquid is present and then

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doing the separation science and

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detection and NASA Ames has their only

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entity that's done Space Flight

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microfluidic so they're gonna deliver

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that portion and of course honeybee

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robotics is involved in all parts of

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that so you put this whole thing

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together we call it Emily

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we'll give a post or will as the PI of

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an ICT project on this topic

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she gave a poster last night and

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describing the whole thing and if you

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can speak with him if you can find him

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after this here's just a quick

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representation of the different

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techniques I'm not going to go into

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detail I already kind of told you what

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the different things we've chosen are

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I'll tell you a little bit about the

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liquid stuff now so the oceans component

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uses electrophoresis this is really if

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you just use Occam's razor and you're

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like okay I accept Peter I accept the

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fact you're gonna have to do this

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separation science on liquids how're we

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gonna do it the very simplest thing the

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way you can do it is to use

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electrophoresis you just you basically

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rely upon the fact that in the little

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hollow glass tube if you apply voltages

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things move at different speeds it's the

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minimum number of elements it looks like

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a fiber-optic cable and all the pieces

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are all spaceflight compatible you can

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build this stuff it's the the additional

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benefit of course it has all these

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things that are you want for a space

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flight mission and including the

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sensitivity and efficiency and it works

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as I said by different things move at

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different speeds and then the beauty of

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course is you can acouple it to these

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different detectors and the different

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detectors were the different regions in

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that phase space so there's different

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ones that are better for different

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things so I'm gonna go into a little bit

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of detail tell you some things that have

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happened at JPL that enabled us to get

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to the place we are now - you know

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incredibly proposed to do this I hope

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that many of you were able to attend

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Jessica Kramer's talk on Tuesday she

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described how at JPL we've pushed the

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envelope and now have developed the most

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capable method for doing this amino acid

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analysis on spaceflight missions and her

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work of course was designed to

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simultaneously make measurements of all

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different types of amino acids and

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different chirality z' and to do it in a

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really sensitive way and the take-home

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messages all amino acids are different

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and if you want to analyze them all you

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really have to do a lot of work to tease

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them all apart and since the time of the

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publication that you see here she's

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actually pushed the limit of detection

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down to one nano molar for most of the

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species so we meet all the requirements

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for amino acids let's talk about

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hardware so we we of course we have a

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whole bunch of different variants on how

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we do this at JPL we designed this of

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the plug in place of the

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interfaces are straightforward between

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all of them but generally speaking you

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got to be able to take some piece of a

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sample and put it in convert it to a

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liquid and then manipulate it and do the

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separation and detection so if you

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attended the talks on Tuesday you would

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have seen about the microchip branch so

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Fernando Mora has brought the chemical

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laptop instrument to this really high

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level of fidelity now where we can just

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simply add a sample a liquid sample to

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this unit and press Start and it will

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completely in an automated sense run and

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perform these type of analyses

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Florian Kael has developed this portable

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extractor which works in a similar way

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if you can deliver some dirt to the top

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of the instrument and you can press

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Start it will in an automated way

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completely do the extraction so you can

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actually liberate biomolecules from the

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samples and then of course you can just

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feed the extractor directly into the

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analyzer without doing any other tricks

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you don't need to do salt you don't need

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to concentrate you don't need to do any

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there's no hidden behind the curtain

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stuff that happens it just passes it

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straight in so here you can see a trace

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on the the upper-left that's what what

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the data looks like when you perform

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this on material that's sitting on these

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driest dentists of Hills than Atacama

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Desert and you can see all these

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different little peaks there are

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actually different amino acids and we're

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able to do make chiral measurements of

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alanine leucine and valine at the sub

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parts per billion level so that's a big

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deal so the next thing we're gonna do in

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September is we're going to take both of

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them and mount them together on the air

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Ed's Rover that K Rex are over and we're

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gonna do this and completely automated

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sense so I I couldn't resist the saying

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this I'm sure you guys many of you have

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seen these talks over the years this if

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you are familiar at all with the URI

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instrument this is really the first time

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we will ever have demonstrated this

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end-to-end validation of the URI like

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experiment which is super old you know

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Jeff beta started talking about this in

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the 90s these ideas were new over a

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decade ago there was a brief time when

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we're actually contemplated for

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inclusion on the ExoMars payload and now

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we're finally making that dream true

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we're finally doing the things that we

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should have been able

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accomplish a decade or so ago so so we

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take all that information and informs us

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okay what are we gonna do on a Europa

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mission and what we we've decided you

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know we got to pick one of these two

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branches and what we have decided is we

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need to pick this branch the branch

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where we use hollow glass capillaries

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and not microchips and the reason for

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that is this is the way to couple to

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mass spectrometry so we has it for

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reasons I mentioned before you really

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need to do that in particularly think in

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terms of agnostic biosignatures you want

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to discover unknown unknowns that

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dissolve in water this is the way you're

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going to do it

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so the real hard part then is trying to

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couple your separation into a mass

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spectrometer that's the real missing

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piece of the puzzle and for that we've

357
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partnered with the one commercial vendor

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sy X corporation used to be Beckman

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Coulter they're the one entity that's

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that's managed to actually commercialize

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and make this incredibly delicate and

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challenging piece of hardware so here's

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some data that you can see they have

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these little sprayers and the beauty is

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that little sprayer is actually

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integrated directly into our glass

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capillary it is part of the capillary so

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it just use that and just spray directly

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into a mass spectrometer and you can see

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some data here this is amino acids and

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peptides and nucleotides and nucleobases

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you put together the ocean suite you

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have something that looks like this

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you've got your fluid comes in you get

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the capillary and then all these three

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detectors can be used they can assay the

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same stuff flowing down the tube we

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realized that was the way to go

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Constantine started as a postdoc and

380
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actually built this this is an

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incredibly unbelievable achievement as a

382
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postdoc to do this in such a short time

383
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so we now have a brand new element a new

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techno instrument actually that that can

385
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achieve this and isolate the high

386
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voltages and inject samples we here's

387
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some data you can see it's highly

388
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reproducible this is using the system

389
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and calibrating it doing conductivity

390
00:13:12,480 --> 00:13:11,050
measurements that's what the data looks

391
00:13:14,070 --> 00:13:12,490
like in the green bars this is how

392
00:13:15,990 --> 00:13:14,080
reproducible so we can just set it up

393
00:13:17,730 --> 00:13:16,000
and just run it over and over and over

394
00:13:20,670 --> 00:13:17,740
and over again and it works the same

395
00:13:22,079 --> 00:13:20,680
each time we've now taken that as well

396
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and sprayed it into a mass spectrometer

397
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we get a little portable system that so

398
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we can mount the whole thing together

399
00:13:29,129 --> 00:13:27,130
and it's you know something you can

400
00:13:30,569 --> 00:13:29,139
carry and here's the first demonstration

401
00:13:35,340 --> 00:13:30,579
you see all these different amino acids

402
00:13:37,379 --> 00:13:35,350
I think have a min and a half and no

403
00:13:38,879 --> 00:13:37,389
okay would plot this is that you can

404
00:13:42,629 --> 00:13:38,889
overlay all this onto the Europa Lander

405
00:13:44,340 --> 00:13:42,639
science trace traceability we basically

406
00:13:46,379 --> 00:13:44,350
hit all of the different things we're

407
00:13:48,419 --> 00:13:46,389
doing all all this work that we're

408
00:13:49,919 --> 00:13:48,429
describing here we're doing it with TRL

409
00:13:51,449 --> 00:13:49,929
advancement in mind we're actually doing

410
00:13:52,979 --> 00:13:51,459
the way that the flight system

411
00:13:54,840 --> 00:13:52,989
development should be done we've had a

412
00:13:56,369 --> 00:13:54,850
few posters on that and and we've also

413
00:13:58,109 --> 00:13:56,379
studied that so the weakest elements

414
00:14:00,629 --> 00:13:58,119
with respect to radiation show that they

415
00:14:03,929 --> 00:14:00,639
tolerate that we're using this and field

416
00:14:05,609 --> 00:14:03,939
work not just in the Atacama Desert and

417
00:14:07,590 --> 00:14:05,619
then as a parting message I just want to

418
00:14:09,659 --> 00:14:07,600
say that you know we this Emily is

419
00:14:11,669 --> 00:14:09,669
intended to maximize the science return

420
00:14:13,439 --> 00:14:11,679
of Europa Lander mission and the chances

421
00:14:15,749 --> 00:14:13,449
of identifying life its if it's there

422
00:14:17,609 --> 00:14:15,759
and we're doing this the right way we're

423
00:14:19,109 --> 00:14:17,619
using flight project practices all the

424
00:14:20,909 --> 00:14:19,119
way at the early stages of development

425
00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:20,919
as I said we've already got undergone

426
00:14:25,229 --> 00:14:23,410
this process of integration and the

427
00:14:26,759 --> 00:14:25,239
guiding principle we're making these

428
00:14:28,289 --> 00:14:26,769
decisions now that we've decided what

429
00:14:29,999 --> 00:14:28,299
we're going to do is to minimize risk

430
00:14:32,009 --> 00:14:30,009
when we take that into account every day

431
00:14:33,720 --> 00:14:32,019
when we show up to work so I thank you

432
00:14:34,979 --> 00:14:33,730
very much for your time there's a we've

433
00:14:36,059 --> 00:14:34,989
got a whole bunch of presentations

434
00:14:37,949 --> 00:14:36,069
there's a lot of people from Jay bill

435
00:14:39,910 --> 00:14:37,959
here please come talk to any lesya any